| Hepatitis A |
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| Avtor Urednik | |
| Thursday, 01 March 2007 | |
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Hepatitis A, epidemična zlatenica, je nalezljiva bolezen, ki se prenaša z blatom. Povzroča jo virus, ki okvari jetrne celice. čas od okužbe do izbruha traja 15-50 dni, najpogosteje 28-30 dni. Bolezen poteka s povišano telesno temperaturo, utrujenostjo, izgubo apetita, slabostjo, bolečinami v mišicah in sklepih, bolečinami v trebuhu. Bolnik ima lahko le nekatere od navedenih znakov. Po nekaj dneh se pojavi zlatenica (porumenele so zlasti očesne beločnice). Dva do štiri dni pred pojavom zlatenice postane bolnikovo blato svetlejše, seč pa temnejši. Zlasti pri otrocih okužba pogosto poteka neopazno - brez kakršnihkoli kliničnih znakov ali se izraža le v blagi obliki brez zlatenice!
Bolezen traja približno 6 tednov in praviloma ne pušča posledic. Lahko je nevarna za nosečnice, kronične bolnike, podhranjene in izčrpane osebe, ki naj se ob pojavu obolenja v družini posvetujejo s svojim zdravnikom ali zdravnikom specialistom epidemiologom na Zavodu za zdravstveno varstvo Ljubljana. POJAVLJANJE, NAČIN OKUŽBE IN PRENOS BOLEZNI Izvor bolezni je bolnik, ki klice izloča z blatom. Bolnik postane kužen že v inkubacijski dobi - teden ali dva pred pojavom kliničnih znakov, kužnost je tedaj celo največja. V deželah s slabimi higienskimi razmerami se bolezen pojavlja zgodaj v otroštvu in je večina odraslih oseb imunih. Povsem drugače je v razvitih državah, kjer imamo dobre higienske razmere: urejene vodovode, nadzor nad proizvodnjo in prometom živil, osveščeno prebivalstvo. Tu obolevajo posamične odrasle osebe in otroci - zlasti potniki, ki potujejo v dežele z nizkim higienskim standardom, in družinski člani obolelih oseb. Okužimo se s kontaminirano hrano (školjke, jagode, …), ki je nismo dobro oprali ali toplotno obdelali, vodo ali z umazani rokami. Bolezen se lahko razširi v epidemijo, če je vnesena v kolektive otrok, ki niso prekuženi (v vrtce, šole). PREPREČEVANJE BOLEZNI Bolezen učinkovito preprečujemo s cepljenjem in ustreznimi higienskimi ukrepi. Ker se virus izloča z blatom, moramo misliti na vse možne poti prenosa iz črevesa bolnika v usta bodočega bolnika. Pri tem mislimo na direkten prenos - stik z bolnikom in na indirekten prenos z okuženimi živili, vodo in predmeti ( preko igrač), brisač. Uspešno preprečevanje širjenja bolezni je odvisno od higienskega režima doma, kolektiva, zlasti pa od bolezenskih navad posameznikov. Ker majhen otrok še ne more in ne zna sam skrbeti za osebno higieno, je dolžnost staršev in osebja, da ga stalno nadzoruje in vzgaja. Otroke je potrebno dosledno nadzorovati pri umivanju rok ( po uporabi stranišča, pred hranjenjem). Pred in po negi otroka si temeljito umijemo roke. Najpomembnejše je umivanje rok po brisanju ritke. Ves čas se moramo zavedati, da lahko veliko otrok preboleva bolezen brez zaznavnih kliničnih znakov - torej tudi brez zlatenice. Ker je tudi med izbruhom epidemije vsaj polovica okuženih otrok brez posebnih težav, moramo že ob pojavu posamičnih primerov obolenja dosledno poostriti higienski režim doma in v kolektivu. Izredno pomembno je pogosto menjavanje brisač. Vsak družinski član naj ima svojo brisačo, ki naj je ne zamenjuje z drugimi. Po brisanju telesa, zlasti predela okoli zadnjične odprtine, odvrzimo brisačo direktno v pralni stroj. Temeljito si umivamo roke s tekočo toplo vodo in milom pred pripravo hrane, pred jedjo in po uporabi stranišča. Stranišča pomivamo z vročo vodo in detergentom. Posebno temeljito je potrebno pomiti kljuke straniščnih vrat, potezno vrvico z ročajem in sedalo deske. Igrače in predmete, preko katerih se okužba lažje prenaša in jih je težje čistiti, začasno izločimo iz uporabe. Pri majhnih otrocih uporabljamo plenice za enkratno uporabo. Pred in po previjanju si natančno umijemo roke. Previjalno mizo pregrnemo s staničevino, papirnato podlogo ali bombažno plenico, ki jo zamenjamo po vsakem previjanju! Pazimo, da umazanih plenic ne odlagamo na čiste površine in jih odvržemo direktno v koš. Majhni otroci ne smejo imeti dostopa do koša za smeti. Otrok z znaki nalezljive bolezni - drisko, bruhanjem, temperaturo, izpuščaji, akutnimi prehladnimi znaki: kašelj, bolečine v žrelu, nahod - NAJ OSTANE DOMA! Ko odhajamo na kopanje v bazene, ne dovolimo otrokom, da posedajo z golo ritko na robovih bazena. Na obali jezer, morja ne dovolimo otrokom, da opravljajo veliko potrebo v vodo ali na nezavarovanih mestih, kjer bi z blatom lahko prišli v stik drugi kopalci. Umazane plenice odstranjujemo v za ta namen pripravljene vreče in kontejnerje. Vir: http://www.zzv-lj.si Komentarji (28)
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